Guajira Travel Guide

Why Visit La Guajira? The Land Where the Desert Meets the Sea

In the far northern reaches of Colombia, where the South American continent comes to a dramatic end, lies La Guajira—a peninsula of profound contrasts and raw beauty. This is not a typical Caribbean destination of palm-fringed resorts. Instead, it offers a journey into a world governed by the elements, ancient traditions, and landscapes that stir the soul. A visit here is an immersion into a part of Colombia that remains wild, remote, and deeply authentic.

The Unforgettable Landscape

The primary allure of La Guajira is its surreal and powerful scenery. Imagine a vast, sun-baked desert of ochre and orange earth stretching to the horizon, only to be abruptly halted by the brilliant turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea. This elemental clash defines the region. Here, immense sand dunes, sculpted by the relentless trade winds, rise like mountains of gold before plunging directly into the ocean. The landscape is stark, minimalist, and almost otherworldly, offering a visual experience that is both humbling and profoundly beautiful.

A Deep Dive into Indigenous Wayuu Culture

La Guajira is the ancestral homeland of the Wayuu people, Colombia’s largest and most resilient indigenous group. A journey here is an unparalleled opportunity to connect with their living culture. Travelers can stay in traditional rancherías—small, family-run settlements—where life unfolds at a different pace. This provides a genuine context to learn about their unique matriarchal society, their deep spiritual connection to the land and their dreams, and their celebrated artisanal traditions, most famously the intricate Mochila bags. It is an experience that moves beyond tourism into cultural exchange.

The Ultimate Off-the-Beaten-Path Adventure

This is a destination for those who seek experiences that are raw, unfiltered, and far from the conventional tourist trail. Reaching the remote corners of La Guajira requires navigating rugged, unmarked desert tracks in robust 4×4 vehicles. The journey itself is a significant part of the adventure. In this remote environment, with limited to no internet or cell service, you are invited to disconnect completely. It is a chance to be present in an awe-inspiring place, to navigate by the sun and stars, and to discover a profound sense of peace in the immense silence of the desert.

Planning Your Trip to La Guajira

A journey to La Guajira is not a typical vacation; it is an expedition that requires thoughtful preparation. The region’s remoteness, harsh climate, and unique cultural landscape mean that planning is key to a safe and rewarding experience. From choosing the right season to packing the essentials, this guide will help you prepare for the adventure ahead.

Best Time to Go

The climate in La Guajira is consistently hot, but precipitation and wind patterns define the best times to visit. Your ideal travel window will depend on your interests and tolerance for rugged conditions.

• Dry Season (December to April): This is generally considered the best time to travel. With minimal rain, the desert tracks are more stable and accessible, making for a smoother journey. The skies are clear, and the contrast between the desert and the sea is at its most striking.
• Windy Season (December to March): Overlapping with the dry season, these months bring strong, consistent winds, transforming Cabo de la Vela into a world-class kitesurfing destination. If you’re a kitesurfer, this is your season.
• Rainy Season (May to November): Travel during these months is possible but presents more challenges. Sporadic but heavy rains can turn desert tracks into impassable mud pits, potentially causing delays or route changes. On the upside, the desert can bloom with surprising greenery, offering a different kind of beauty.

How Long to Stay: Sample Itineraries

The sheer scale of La Guajira means you need to allow adequate time to explore without rushing. Most tours start and end in Riohacha and are priced per person for the entire trip, including transport, food, and lodging.

• The 3-Day Express: This popular option provides a fantastic introduction to the region. It typically covers the journey from Riohacha to Cabo de la Vela, visiting key sites like the salt flats of Manaure, Pilón de Azúcar, and the lighthouse for sunset before returning.
• The 4-Day Classic: This is the most recommended itinerary for a comprehensive experience. It includes everything in the 3-day trip but continues north to the breathtaking Taroa Dunes and the symbolic lighthouse at Punta Gallinas, the northernmost point of South America.
• The 5+ Day Deep Dive: For the truly adventurous traveler with more time, a longer trip allows for a deeper immersion. This itinerary can include a visit to the remote and biologically unique Macuira National Park, an unexpected cloud forest oasis in the middle of the desert.

Essential Packing List for the Desert

Packing for La Guajira is a balancing act between preparing for intense heat, cool nights, and rugged conditions, all while keeping your luggage light. Remember, you will be in a 4×4 with limited space.

Clothing

Focus on lightweight, protective clothing. Light, breathable long-sleeved shirts and pants are ideal for protecting your skin from the relentless sun. Pack swimwear for opportunities to cool off in the Caribbean, and include a fleece or light jacket, as the desert nights can be surprisingly cool.

Footwear

A pair of sturdy, comfortable sandals (like Tevas or Chacos) will be your daily go-to. Also, bring a pair of closed-toe shoes, such as hiking shoes or trainers, for climbing Pilón de Azúcar or navigating rocky terrain.

Health & Safety

Your health is paramount in this remote environment. Pack a high-SPF sunscreen (50+), a strong insect repellent with DEET, and a personal first-aid kit with basics like antiseptic wipes, bandages, pain relievers, and any personal medications. Rehydration salts are also a wise addition to combat potential dehydration.

Must-Haves

• Cash (Colombian Pesos): There are no ATMs or credit card facilities in Alta Guajira. Bring enough cash to cover your tour, souvenirs, tips, and any extras.
• Reusable Water Bottle: Reduce plastic waste and stay hydrated. A water filter or purification tablets are highly recommended for refilling your bottle safely.
• Power Bank: Electricity is scarce and often only available for a few hours at night via a generator. A fully charged power bank is essential for keeping your phone and camera powered.
• Headlamp or Flashlight: Indispensable for navigating your ranchería after dark, as lighting is minimal.
• Sun Protection: Beyond sunscreen, a wide-brimmed hat and polarized sunglasses are non-negotiable to protect you from the intense glare.

Tour Operator vs. Independent Travel

How you choose to explore La Guajira will fundamentally shape your experience. While independent travel is possible, it comes with significant challenges that make it unsuitable for most visitors.

Booking a Tour

This is the most common and highly recommended way to see La Guajira. Reputable tour companies based in Riohacha handle all the complex logistics, making the journey accessible and safer. This approach is similar to how many travelers explore other unique Colombian destinations, such as the charming colonial town of Villa de Leyva or the otherworldly Tatacoa Desert.

• Pros: Your 4×4 transport, experienced local driver/guide, food, and accommodation in Wayuu rancherías are all arranged. This local expertise is invaluable for navigating the unmarked desert tracks and understanding the culture.
• Cons: You will be on a set itinerary, which offers less flexibility than traveling independently.

Independent Travel

Attempting this journey on your own should only be considered by highly experienced, self-sufficient travelers who are well-prepared for serious off-road conditions. If you’re considering an adventurous trip, it’s worth checking out our comprehensive guide on what to pack for Colombia to ensure you’re adequately prepared for diverse environments.

• Pros: You have complete freedom to set your own pace and itinerary.
• Cons: This requires your own high-clearance 4×4 vehicle (rentals often prohibit this journey), expert navigation skills (GPS is unreliable), fluency in Spanish to communicate with Wayuu communities, and ideally, pre-arranged contacts for accommodation. The risk of getting lost, stranded, or encountering mechanical issues is significant.

Getting There and Navigating the Region

The journey to La Guajira is an adventure in itself, a transition from the familiar infrastructure of modern Colombia to a raw, untamed landscape. Understanding the key entry points and the unique challenges of desert travel is the first step in planning a successful and respectful exploration of this remarkable region. For a broader overview of what to expect when traveling in Colombia, check out our comprehensive Colombia Travel Guide.

Gateway City: Riohacha

Nearly every expedition into the high desert of La Guajira begins in Riohacha. As the capital of the department, this coastal city serves as the essential logistical and cultural gateway. It is the last bastion of familiar amenities like ATMs, large supermarkets, and formal hotels before you venture into the remote wilderness.

Arriving in Riohacha is straightforward:

• By Air: Almirante Padilla Airport (RCH) receives daily flights from Bogotá, making it the quickest way to reach the region from other parts of Colombia or from international connections.
• By Bus: For those traveling along the Caribbean coast, comfortable buses run frequently from major cities like Santa Marta (approx. 3-4 hours), Barranquilla (approx. 5-6 hours), and Cartagena (approx. 7-8 hours). This is a popular and economical option.

Most tour operators are based in Riohacha, and it is here that you will meet your driver, stock up on last-minute supplies, and begin your 4×4 journey northward.

Key Transit Hubs

As you leave Riohacha, the landscape begins to change, and the journey is punctuated by several important settlements that serve as vital nodes in the desert network.

Uribia is often referred to as the “Indigenous Capital of Colombia.” This bustling, dusty town is the largest Wayuu settlement and the last stop for fuel and supplies. More importantly, it marks a definitive transition: it is here that the paved road ends and the vast, trackless desert truly begins. From Uribia onward, navigation becomes a specialized skill.

Further north, Cabo de la Vela is the first major destination for most visitors. This small fishing village, set on a tranquil bay, has become a hub for travelers and a world-renowned kitesurfing destination. It serves as a base for exploring the surrounding sacred hills and stunning beaches, and it is where you will likely spend your first night sleeping in a traditional Wayuu ranchería.

Transportation in the Desert

Navigating Alta Guajira is unlike any standard road trip. There is one non-negotiable requirement for travel here: a sturdy 4×4 vehicle. The concept of a “road” is fluid, often consisting of unmarked sandy tracks, rocky paths, or dry riverbeds that are completely impassable for a standard car. Flash floods during the rainy season can wash away routes overnight.

This is why the local drivers are the unsung heroes of any Guajira trip. They are far more than just drivers; they are a vital part of the experience.

• Expert Navigators: With little to no cell service or reliable GPS, they navigate using an intricate mental map of the terrain, guided by the sun, stars, and subtle landmarks that are invisible to the untrained eye.
• Skilled Mechanics: The harsh conditions take a toll on vehicles. Your driver will almost certainly have to make on-the-spot repairs, from changing a tire in the sand to fixing an engine issue miles from any workshop.
• Cultural Liaisons: Most drivers are of Wayuu heritage and act as a bridge between you and their community. They facilitate interactions, explain local customs, and share invaluable insights into their culture and the sacredness of the land you are crossing.

Key Destinations and Experiences in Alta Guajira

The journey into Alta Guajira (Upper Guajira) is a progression into a landscape that feels increasingly remote and surreal. This is where the true essence of the desert reveals itself, with destinations that are as challenging to reach as they are rewarding to experience. The main circuit takes travelers through two iconic locations, with a third reserved for the most intrepid explorers. For photographers, La Guajira offers incredible opportunities; see our guide to Colombia for photographers.

Cabo de la Vela: Kitesurfing and Sacred Hills

Often the first major overnight stop on a Guajira tour, Cabo de la Vela is a small Wayuu fishing village nestled on a serene bay. It has become a hub for travelers and kitesurfers, offering a perfect blend of otherworldly landscapes and rustic comfort. The consistent, strong winds and calm waters create a world-class environment for wind sports, while the surrounding landmarks hold deep spiritual significance for the Wayuu people.

Pilón de Azúcar

A short drive from the village leads to this sacred hill, whose name translates to “Sugar Loaf.” A brief but steep hike to the summit rewards you with breathtaking panoramic views of the desert landscape meeting the deep blue and turquoise hues of the Caribbean. For the Wayuu, this is a sacred place, and the sense of peace and raw beauty at the top is palpable.

Playa Ojo de Agua

Nestled at the base of Pilón de Azúcar, this small, golden-sand beach offers a calm and protected spot for a refreshing swim. After the heat of the desert and the hike up the hill, the cool, clear water of Playa Ojo de Agua provides welcome relief. Its tranquil setting makes it an ideal place to relax and absorb the stark beauty of the surroundings.

El Faro

The lighthouse, or El Faro, sits atop a small cliff at the edge of the peninsula. While modest in structure, its true purpose for travelers is to serve as the premier viewpoint for sunset. Each evening, visitors gather here to watch the sun dip below the horizon, casting a spectacular array of orange, pink, and purple light across the sea and desert plains.

Kitesurfing

From December to April, Cabo de la Vela transforms into a kitesurfer’s paradise. The region’s powerful and reliable trade winds, known as the alisios, blow consistently across the flat, shallow waters of the bay. This creates ideal conditions for both beginners taking their first lessons and advanced riders looking to perfect their skills in an unforgettable setting.

Punta Gallinas: The Northernmost Tip of South America

Reaching Punta Gallinas requires pushing further north into an even more isolated and dramatic landscape. The journey itself is an adventure, crossing vast, unmarked desert plains. This is the geographic pinnacle of the continent, a place of profound solitude and monumental natural beauty. For a broader perspective on Colombian adventures, consider the Top 25 things to do in Colombia.

Taroa Dunes

The experience of arriving at the Taroa Dunes is a highlight not just of La Guajira, but of any trip to South America. Here, a colossal mountain of golden sand rises directly from the coastline. The true magic lies in the ascent; after climbing the steep, wind-sculpted face of the dune, you are met with an astonishing view of the endless Caribbean Sea. The ultimate reward is the descent: a thrilling run, slide, or joyful tumble down the sandy slope directly into the crashing waves of the ocean. It is a moment of pure, unadulterated freedom and a powerful connection with a truly wild landscape.

Faro de Punta Gallinas

The simple, functional lighthouse at Punta Gallinas stands as a quiet monument to a significant geographical fact: you are at the northernmost point of the entire South American continent. Standing here, with the wind whipping around you and nothing but the sea to the north, offers a profound sense of remoteness and accomplishment. It is a moment for reflection and a fantastic photo opportunity.

Bahía Hondita

This large, tranquil bay is a stunning example of the region’s diverse scenery. Its calm, shallow waters are fringed by mangroves and reddish cliffs, creating a stark contrast with the open sea. It is a haven for flamingos and other birdlife, and a boat tour through its serene waters offers a peaceful counterpoint to the rugged desert terrain.

Macuira National Natural Park: The Cloud Forest Oasis

For those with more time and a deep desire for exploration, Serranía de Macuira National Park is the ultimate destination. Located in the northeastern corner of the peninsula, this mountain range presents one of nature’s most startling paradoxes: a dense, misty cloud forest thriving in the middle of an arid desert. The mountains trap moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean, creating a unique microclimate that supports a startlingly lush ecosystem.

This isolated oasis is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna, including many endemic species found nowhere else on Earth. Reaching Macuira is a significant logistical challenge, typically requiring a tour of five days or more and expert local guidance. It is a journey reserved for the truly adventurous, offering a glimpse into a fragile and magical world that few travelers ever get to see.

Understanding and Respecting Wayuu Culture

A journey into La Guajira is a journey into the heart of Wayuu territory. The Wayuu are Colombia’s largest indigenous group, a resilient people with a rich matriarchal culture deeply intertwined with the harsh, beautiful landscape they inhabit. Traveling here is a privilege that comes with the responsibility to engage with respect, curiosity, and an open mind.

Life in a Ranchería

Most accommodation in Alta Guajira is within a ranchería, a traditional family settlement. These are not hotels but the homes of Wayuu families, and staying in one offers a unique glimpse into their daily lives. Expect a communal and open-air environment, often consisting of simple mud and yotojoro (cactus wood) structures. Facilities are basic; electricity is often limited to a few hours in the evening via a generator, and running water is a scarce resource to be used wisely.

Family and community are the cornerstones of Wayuu society. Life revolves around shared spaces and responsibilities. Your hosts will likely be a large, extended family, and you will be a guest in their functioning home. The most authentic way to sleep is in a chinchorro. These are not the typical hammocks found elsewhere; they are large, intricately woven, and incredibly comfortable, designed for the desert climate. Sleeping in a chinchorro under the stars, rocked by the desert wind, is a quintessential Guajira experience.

Wayuu Traditions and Beliefs

The Wayuu worldview is shaped by a profound connection to the land, their ancestors, and the spiritual world. Their beliefs are passed down through generations via stories and rituals. The land itself is sacred, and every element, from the wind to the sea, holds meaning. While you will only scratch the surface during a short visit, understanding this connection is key to appreciating their perspective.

Dreams hold a particularly significant place in their culture. They are not mere subconscious thoughts but are considered messages from the spirits and a primary means of divination. A dream can dictate major life decisions, warn of future events, or provide guidance, making them a vital and respected part of Wayuu spirituality.

Supporting Local Artisans

The Wayuu are master artisans, and their craftwork is one of the most visible and beautiful expressions of their culture. Purchasing their work is an excellent way to support the local economy, provided it is done ethically.

Mochila Bags: More Than a Souvenir

The world-famous Wayuu mochila bags are crocheted by the women of the community. The craft is a skill passed down from mothers to daughters. Each bag is a unique piece of art, a process that can take weeks to complete. The geometric patterns, or kaanas, are not just decorative; they are ancient symbols representing elements of their natural and spiritual world—the stars, the path of the sun, the markings of animals. The strap is often woven by the men, making the bag a collaborative family creation.

How to Buy Ethically

To ensure your purchase directly benefits the artisan and their family, follow a few simple guidelines:

• Buy Directly: Whenever possible, purchase a bag or bracelet directly from the woman who made it. You will encounter artisans in Cabo de la Vela, Punta Gallinas, and along the roadside.
• Appreciate the Value: Understand that the price reflects days or even weeks of meticulous work. Bargaining aggressively devalues this traditional skill. A fair price is an investment in cultural preservation.
• Look for Quality: A well-made mochila will have a tight weave, a flat and circular base, and a strong, intricate strap. The quality is a sign of the artisan’s skill and pride.
• Choose Reputable Cooperatives: If buying in a city like Riohacha, seek out established cooperatives or foundations that are known for practicing fair trade and returning a significant portion of the profit to the communities.

Food, Lodging, and On-the-Ground Practicalities

Life in La Guajira is simple, and the infrastructure for tourism reflects this. Accommodations are rustic and meals are hearty, both deeply connected to the environment and the Wayuu way of life. Embracing these basics is a fundamental part of the experience.

Where to Stay

Do not expect luxury hotels. Lodging in Alta Guajira is typically in traditional Wayuu settlements known as rancherías. Your tour operator will have partnerships with local families, ensuring your stay directly supports the community.

• Hammocks (Chinchorros): The most common and authentic way to sleep in La Guajira is in a chinchorro. These are not your average backyard hammocks; they are large, intricately woven, and surprisingly comfortable hammocks that are a centerpiece of Wayuu culture. You’ll typically sleep in a large, open-air but covered communal hut, lulled to sleep by the sound of the wind and waves.
• Private Huts/Rooms (Cabañas): For those who prefer a bit more privacy, most rancherías offer basic private huts or rooms, known as cabañas. These are simple structures, usually containing a basic bed with a mosquito net and sometimes a fan. Bathroom facilities are almost always shared and very basic.

What to Eat and Drink

Guajiran cuisine is a direct reflection of its landscape: a blend of desert resilience and Caribbean bounty. Meals are typically included in tour packages and offer a genuine taste of the region.

Local Specialties

The food is simple, fresh, and flavorful. Your daily meals will likely revolve around a few key staples:

• Chivo (Goat): Goat is the primary livestock of the desert and a cornerstone of the local diet. It is often served roasted, stewed, or in a traditional dish called friche, a savory fry-up.
• Fresh Fish and Lobster: Given its location, the seafood is exceptional. Expect freshly caught red snapper (pargo rojo), sea bass (róbalo), or even lobster, typically fried or grilled and served whole.
• Side Dishes: Meals are almost always accompanied by coconut rice (arroz con coco), rice with black-eyed peas (arroz de frijolito guajiro), fried plantains (patacones), and simple salads.

Staying Hydrated

The arid climate makes hydration a top priority. Tap water is not safe to drink in La Guajira. All reputable tours provide ample bottled or purified water throughout the journey. It is essential to drink water constantly, even when you don’t feel thirsty, to prevent dehydration. Carrying your own reusable water bottle is a great way to reduce plastic waste, and you can refill it from the large water jugs provided by your tour.

Health, Safety, and Connectivity

Traveling through La Guajira is an immensely rewarding experience, but its remote and rugged nature requires a thoughtful approach to well-being and security. Understanding the on-the-ground realities will ensure your adventure is both safe and enjoyable.

Staying Safe in a Remote Region

The vast, unmarked expanses of the Guajira desert are not a place for improvisation. The single most important safety measure you can take is to travel with a reputable, registered tour company. This decision mitigates nearly all potential risks associated with navigating this challenging environment.

• Professional Guidance: A tour provides you with a 4×4 vehicle designed for the terrain and, more importantly, an experienced local driver. These drivers are not just chauffeurs; they are expert mechanics, navigators who read the subtle cues of the desert, and cultural liaisons who have established relationships with the Wayuu communities whose land you are crossing.
• Navigating the Terrain: Paved roads disappear after Uribia. The “roads” that follow are a complex network of sand tracks that shift with the wind and can become impassable after a rare rain. Attempting to navigate this without local expertise is ill-advised and can easily lead to getting lost or stranded.
• General Precautions: While La Guajira is generally safe for tourists traveling with guides, it’s wise to practice standard travel awareness. Keep an eye on your belongings, especially in more populated areas like Riohacha or Uribia, and follow the guidance of your tour leader regarding local customs and interactions.

Sun, Heat, and Hydration

The desert environment is unforgiving, and the primary health concerns are directly related to the sun and heat. Underestimating the intensity of the Caribbean sun here can quickly lead to serious issues.

Dehydration is a constant risk. You must drink water consistently throughout the day, even when you don’t feel thirsty. Your tour will provide water, but carrying your own reusable bottle is essential for refills. Adding rehydration salts to your water at least once a day is a good practice to replenish electrolytes lost through sweat.

Sun protection is non-negotiable. The essentials include:

• A high-SPF sunscreen (50+), applied generously and frequently.
• A wide-brimmed hat to protect your face, neck, and ears.
• Polarized sunglasses to shield your eyes from the intense glare.
• Lightweight, long-sleeved shirts and pants made of breathable fabric to cover your skin from direct sun exposure.

The Digital Detox

Prepare to be disconnected from the digital world. Outside of Riohacha, you will find virtually no Wi-Fi, and cell service is extremely limited and unreliable. In destinations like Cabo de la Vela, you might find a weak signal in one specific spot, but in Punta Gallinas and beyond, you should expect to have no service at all.

Instead of viewing this as an inconvenience, embrace it as a fundamental part of the Guajira experience. This is a rare opportunity to put your phone away and immerse yourself completely in the staggering landscapes and the present moment. The lack of digital noise allows for a deeper connection with your surroundings, your travel companions, and the Wayuu culture. Consider it a mandatory, and ultimately refreshing, digital detox.

A Guide to Responsible and Sustainable Travel

A journey through La Guajira is a privilege, offering a window into a unique culture and a fragile, powerful landscape. Traveling responsibly here is not just a suggestion; it is an essential part of the experience, ensuring that your visit benefits the local communities and preserves the environment for future generations.

Environmental Stewardship

The stark beauty of the Guajiran desert is incredibly delicate. With minimal vegetation and low rainfall, the ecosystem recovers slowly from human impact. Adhering to the Leave No Trace principle is paramount.

• Waste Reduction: There are no formal waste management systems in most of Alta Guajira. Be prepared to pack out everything you pack in, including all food wrappers, plastic bottles, and other trash. Consider bringing a separate bag specifically for your waste.
• Water Conservation: Fresh water is a scarce and precious resource in the desert. Be mindful of your consumption. Keep showers short and avoid leaving taps running. Using a reusable water bottle minimizes plastic waste and is essential for staying hydrated.

Cultural Sensitivity

You are a guest in the ancestral home of the Wayuu people. Approaching your interactions with humility, curiosity, and respect will profoundly enrich your journey and foster positive encounters.

• Photography: Always ask for permission before taking photographs of people, especially children. A simple gesture, a smile, and pointing to your camera is a universally understood way to ask. If they decline, respect their wishes without question. This acknowledges their right to privacy and dignity.
• Genuine Engagement: Learn a few words in Spanish (like “gracias” for thank you, or “permiso” for excuse me/permission). Engage with your hosts and guides with genuine interest. Ask questions about their culture and daily life, but be respectful of their time and personal space.

The “Peajes”: Navigating Road Tolls

As you travel through the remote desert tracks, you will encounter informal “tolls” or peajes. These are often just a rope or chain held across the road by members of the local community, frequently children. This is a long-standing local custom and a part of the informal economy in a region with few economic opportunities.

While your driver will typically handle these interactions, it’s important to understand the most helpful way to contribute. Rather than giving cash, which can foster a culture of dependency, the more sustainable and appreciated practice is to share useful goods. Consider bringing a small supply of items to contribute for these exchanges.

• Sealed bags of drinking water
• Long-lasting fruits like oranges or apples
• Small food items like crackers, bread, or bags of rice

This form of exchange is viewed as a respectful sharing of resources, aligning better with the community’s needs and preserving the dignity of the interaction.